On June 25, 1975, then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi imposed a state of Emergency across India-a move that altered the course of Indian democracy. This period, often referred to as the 'darkest chapter' in independent India’s history, lasted for 21 months, until March 21, 1977. Here’s a look at what led to this decision and how it reshaped the nation.
The early 1970s were turbulent for India. The country was reeling from economic instability, rising unemployment, inflation, and food shortages. Popular discontent was simmering, and political opposition was gaining momentum. Indira Gandhi’s leadership was facing increasing criticism, especially from student-led movements in Gujarat and Bihar and from socialist leaders.
The trigger: Allahabad high court verdict
On June 12, 1975, the Allahabad High Court found Indira Gandhi guilty of electoral malpractice in the 1971 Lok Sabha elections and invalidated her win. The verdict was a severe blow, disqualifying her from holding office for six years. This unprecedented judgment shook the foundations of her political authority.
The declaration of emergency
Fearing political chaos and a potential loss of power, Indira Gandhi advised President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed to declare a national Emergency under Article 352 of the Constitution, citing 'internal disturbances.' It was officially announced on the night of June 25, 1975. Civil liberties were suspended, the press was censored, opposition leaders were arrested, and elections were postponed.
Life under emergency
Democracy was effectively put on hold. Thousands of political opponents, including leaders from the Janata Party, RSS, and student organisations, were jailed. Media outlets were forced to comply with government narratives. The government introduced controversial policies such as forced sterilization campaigns led by Sanjay Gandhi, Indira’s younger son. Fear and silence gripped the nation.
When elections were finally held in March 1977, the Congress party faced a massive defeat, and the Janata Party formed the government. It sparked a renewed commitment to civil liberties and constitutional checks. On March 21, 1977, Emergency officially came to an end and on March 24, 1977, Morarji Desai assumed office as Prime Minister of the Janata Party-led government.
