Mumbai is more than just a bustling metropolis of skyscrapers, street food, and Bollywood glamour, it’s also a gateway to some of India’s most awe-inspiring ancient caves. Scattered across the city and its surrounding hills, these rock-cut wonders date back over two millennia and reveal the rich tapestry of Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain traditions. From colossal sculptures and intricately carved pillars to centuries-old paintings that have defied time, each cave complex offers a captivating glimpse into the region’s artistic brilliance and heritage. Whether you’re a history enthusiast, an architecture lover, or simply looking for an unforgettable day trip, here are five remarkable ancient caves around Mumbai that deserve a spot on your travel itinerary.
Elephanta Caves
Located on Elephanta Island, just a short ferry ride away from the Gateway of India, the Elephanta Caves are one of Mumbai’s most iconic heritage sites. Dating back to between the 5th and 8th centuries CE, these rock-cut caves are dedicated to lord Shiva. The most famous sculpture here is the Trimurti-a colossal three-headed image representing Shiva as the Creator, Preserver, and Destroyer. The main cave also features pillars, shrines, and relief panels that reflect a high level of artistic and religious sophistication. Recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Elephanta Caves offer a deeply spiritual and historical experience just off the coast of Mumbai.
Kanheri Caves
Hidden within the lush expanse of Sanjay Gandhi National Park in Borivali, the Kanheri Caves provide a fascinating glimpse into India’s Buddhist past. These caves were carved over a long period, from the 1st century BCE to the 10th century CE. Unlike Elephanta, which is rooted in Hindu mythology, Kanheri is a sprawling complex of more than 100 caves that once served as a major Buddhist monastic center. Visitors can explore prayer halls (chaityas), monastic cells (viharas), stupas, and water cisterns carved directly into the rock. The elevated location also offers breathtaking views over the park, making it both a spiritual and scenic retreat within the city.
Bhaja Caves
Situated near the hill station of Lonavala, about 95 kilometers from Mumbai, the Bhaja Caves are a lesser-known yet equally captivating set of rock-cut monuments. Dating back to the 2nd century BCE, these caves are among the oldest Buddhist cave sites in India. The Bhaja complex includes 22 rock-cut caves that were used by Buddhist monks as residences and meditation spaces. What makes Bhaja particularly special is its large chaitya hall, with a horseshoe-shaped entrance and a ribbed roof that mimics ancient wooden architecture. Surrounded by waterfalls and hills, Bhaja offers a serene and spiritual journey that’s ideal for a day trip from Mumbai.
Karla Caves
Not far from the Bhaja Caves lies the majestic Karla Caves, also near Lonavala. These caves are believed to have been excavated between the 2nd century BCE and the 5th century CE. The highlight of the Karla Caves is its massive chaitya hall-one of the largest and most well-preserved in the country. It stretches over 45 meters in length and features a series of stone pillars, each crowned with intricate carvings of lions, elephants, and human figures. Climbing the steep steps to the entrance may be a challenge, but the historical grandeur waiting at the top is worth every step.
Ajanta Caves
Although located further away from Mumbai-about 450 kilometers in the Aurangabad district-the Ajanta Caves are truly worth the journey. These caves are globally celebrated for their exquisite paintings and rock-cut sculptures, making them one of the finest achievements of ancient Indian art. Carved between the 2nd century BCE and 6th century CE, the 30 caves at Ajanta were developed in two distinct phases, both under the patronage of Buddhist monks and rulers. The caves also contain beautifully sculpted stupas, prayer halls, and monastic cells. As a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Ajanta continues to draw art historians, pilgrims, and curious travelers from around the world, offering an unmatched window into the spiritual and artistic soul of ancient India.
